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Lietuviešu darbības vārds Verbs Lithuanian doesn't have the wide variety of tenses as, say, English or French. There are only 4 tenses (2 of them are past), some moods and a few participles. So one good news is that you probably won't get lost in the number of tenses as you would in English. Lithuanian has three main verb forms. Using these three forms, you can make everything else: tenses, moods, participles, etc. So it's the most necessary to know those three main forms for every Lithuanian verb. When learning, try to memorize them all, instead of just the infinitive. The three main forms are as follows: infinitive; present tense third person; past tense third person. For example: pykti, pyksta, pyko (to be angry, he/she is angry, he/she was angry). So when you learn, you'll have to learn all three 'girdėti, girdi, girdėjo' (to hear, he/she hears, he/she heard) by heart. Alongside that, you'll have to recognize which conjugation a verb belongs to. The number of conjugations is three. Which conjugation a verb belongs to is determined by the second main form (present tense third person). This is a very important form, because depending on what the ending of that form is (either -a, -i or -o) you can easily recognize the conjugation. Let's illustrate it with the following table:
I have made the endings of the present verbs bold, because, as said, they determine the conjugation of a certain verb. For example, dirbti belongs to conjugation 1, because its second form ends in a. The ending of stebėti second form is i (stebi), therefore the conjugation is 2. And finally, rašyti second form is rašo, thereby it is a verb of conjugation 3. If you don't find yourself puzzled after all these paragraphs, you may move on to explore the three conjugations. As you saw in the table, every conjugation has different endings, so it is very important to recognize the conjugation number. All in all, when you are learning new verbs, you should memorize their three main forms and the conjugation that the verb belongs to. You won't need anything else, because everything else comes from these. Conjugation of Verbs Here is the conjugation table. If you know which conjugation a certain verb belongs to, and what are its three main forms, then you can easily 'construct' this verb using this table. It may look huge, but notice that many boxes are very alike (i.e. past tenses, subjunctive and imperative moods).
We're now going to see how to make every tense and mood. We will use these three verbs as examples: skristi - to fly (first conjugation); tylėti - to be quiet (second conjugation); rašyti - to write (third conjugation). Their second main forms are as follows: skrenda, tyli and rašo. And their third main forms are these: skrido, tylėjo and rašė. Present tense This tense is constructed using the second main form. Below you see a table with previously mentioned examples (skristi, tylėti, rašyti).
Past tense This tense is constructed using the third main form. Below you see a table with previously mentioned examples (skristi, tylėti, rašyti).
Past Frequentative tense This tense is constructed using the infinitive without ti, but with dav. Below you see a table with previously mentioned examples (skristi, tylėti, rašyti).
Future tense This tense is constructed using the infinitive without ti, but with s. Below you see a table with previously mentioned examples (skristi, tylėti, rašyti).
Subjunctive mood This mood is constructed using the infinitive without ti. Below you see a table with previously mentioned examples (skristi, tylėti, rašyti).
Imperative mood This mood is constructed using the infinitive without ti. However in the third person it takes the second main form. Below you see a table with previously mentioned examples (skristi, tylėti, rašyti).
Tenses and Moods of Verbs Lithuanian tenses are not completely like English, but similar. And easier, I think. Present tense The Present tense indicates a present action. Lithuanian doesn't differ Simple and Continuous tenses like English. Jis dirba anglų kalbos mokytoju. He works as an English teacher.
Past tense The Past tense indicates a past action. Lithuanian doesn't differ Simple and Continuous tenses like English. Jis dirbo anglų kalbos mokytoju. He worked as an English teacher.
Past Frequentative tense The Past Frequentative tense is like the Past tense, but it indicates an action that took place frequently. However this frequence is different. It's a frequence that takes a long time and the action is done steadily throughout the whole time. For example, daily during a month or every month throughout a year. The Past Frequentative tense is usually used when remembering something, so you are not going to come across it frequently. English has a perfect substitution for this tense, which is the phrase 'used to do something'. Jis dirbdavo anglų kalbos mokytoju. He used to work as an English teacher.
Future tense The Future tense indicates a future action. Lithuanian doesn't differ Simple and Continuous tenses like English. Jis dirbs anglų kalbos mokytoju. He will work as an English teacher.
Subjunctive mood The Subjunctive mood is like that one of English, but there are differences in forming Conditional sentences. English would use different tenses in Conditionals, but Lithuanian suffices with just the Subjunctive mood. Jeigu tu daugiau dirbtum, galėtum nusipirkti mašiną. If you worked more, you could buy yourself a car.
Imperative mood The Imperative moods is used to order someone or something to do something. Again, the Lithuanian Imperative mood works the same as English. You cannot form first person singular imperative (because you can't order yourself), but you can form first person plural (we) imperative: Eikime namo! Let's go home! You can order others directly (second person singular and plural): Eik namo! Go home! (Singular)
And you can as if order things to happen indirectly (third person singular and plural): Teprasideda varžybos! Let the games begin!
Darbybas vaardu atgriezeniskaas formas Atgriezeniskaas formas veido, attiecygajaam darbybas vaardu formaam pievienojot -s(i) Atgriezenisko darbybas vaardu daudzskaitlja 1. un 2. personas galotnes visos laikos ir -mės un -tės, piem. tagadnee kalbamės, rašomės, kalbatės, girditės, naakotnee kalbėsitės utt. Ja darbybas vaardam ir kaads priedeeklis, tad -si- staajas saknes priekšaa un locyšanu neietekmee: už-si-dirbu, pa-si-gird-o, ne-si-rašo u. c.
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